Zirconium vs Rubidium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr
Rb
Group Number
4
14
1
17
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkali
CAS Number
7440677
23
7440177
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In 1789
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %
13
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.000003 %
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
17
0.00 %
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
14
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.
23
5.00 p.p.m.
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C
15
38.89 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C
11
688.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
Luster
Lustrous
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
0.30
24
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa
19
0.22 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa
15
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s
20
1,300.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr
Rb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33
30
0.82
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90
25
0.31
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22
26
0.89
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.69
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.32
34
0.71
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67
24
3.18
3
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
7th Energy level
Not Available
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV
26
2.16 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40
99+
37
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Kr] 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
40
99+
37
99+
Number of Neutrons
51
99+
48
99+
Number of Electrons
40
99+
37
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
248.00 pm
2
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
220.00 pm
4
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
303.00 pm
3
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu
99+
85.47 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol
36
55.90 cm3/mol
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)
18
9.47 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm
99+
558.50 pm
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
8
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3
99+
1.53 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3
99+
1.46 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
21
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa
20
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa
17
2.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa
22
2.40 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.51
99+
1.53
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m
11
128.00 nΩ·m
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol
27
46.90 kJ/mol
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
31.06 J/mol·K
5
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K
99+
58.20 W/m·K
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available
2,093.00 K
4
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol
9
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol
11
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol
10
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K
39
76.80 J/mol.K
5
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