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Zirconium vs Rubidium

Zirconium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr   
Rb   
Group Number
4   
14
1   
17
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440677   
23
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
In 1789   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %   
13
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
17
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
14
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C   
15
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C   
11
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Grayish White   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa   
19
0.22 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s   
20
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33   
30
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90   
25
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22   
26
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.32   
34
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67   
24
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV   
26
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40   
99+
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40   
99+
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
51   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
40   
99+
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm   
27
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu   
99+
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)   
18
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm   
99+
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
8
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa   
20
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa   
17
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa   
22
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51   
99+
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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