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Aluminium vs Hafnium

Aluminium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Aluminium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Al  
Hf  
Group Number
13  
5
4  
14
Period Number
3  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7429905  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
  • Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
  • It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Hans Christian Oersted  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1825  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
6
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
5
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.91 %  
5
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
8.10 %  
1
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
6
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
11
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.39 Blood/mg dm-3  
9
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
27.00 p.p.m.  
11
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
660.37 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,467.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.75  
14
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
160.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
160.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
5,000.00 m/s  
14
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.61  
31
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Al  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
11  
27
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.61  
23
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.71  
16
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47  
15
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.83  
16
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.61  
23
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.39  
32
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,816.70 kJ/mol  
20
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,744.80 kJ/mol  
39
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
11,577.00 kJ/mol  
3
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
14,842.00 kJ/mol  
2
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
18,379.00 kJ/mol  
2
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
23,326.00 kJ/mol  
2
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
27,465.00 kJ/mol  
2
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
31,853.00 kJ/mol  
2
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
38,473.00 kJ/mol  
4
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
42,647.00 kJ/mol  
5
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,770.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,770.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
57,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,775.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
577.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
577.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.34 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.28 eV  
26
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
13  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2 3p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Aluminium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
13  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
14  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
13  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
143.00 pm  
39
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
121.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
184.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
26.98 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
10.00 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Magnesium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Potassium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.70 (-eV)  
17
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
404.95 pm  
25
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.70 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
19
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa  
36
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
76.00 GPa  
19
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
70.00 GPa  
30
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.72  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
28.20 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.38 106/cm Ω  
4
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
42.50 kJ/mol  
31
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.90 J/(kg K)  
5
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
24.20 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
237.00 W/m·K  
4
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
933.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
23.10 µm/(m·K)  
18
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
293.70 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.67 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
322.20 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
28.30 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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