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Beryllium Hafnium Comparison

Beryllium
Hafnium
Hafnium Beryllium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Be  
Hf  
Group Number
2  
16
4  
14
Period Number
2  
6  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440417  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1797  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
37
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C  
36
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C  
33
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
White Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa  
25
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa  
9
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s  
2
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.56  
34
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Be  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
9  
29
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57  
25
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81  
15
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47  
15
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54  
24
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.58  
26
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43  
30
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol  
7
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol  
24
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol  
2
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol  
2
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
1,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
29,700.00 kJ/mol  
35
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
8
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
14
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,995.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol  
22
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
899.00 kJ/mol  
12
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
26
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
899.00 kJ/mol  
10
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
31
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
4  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
4  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
5  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
4  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm  
99+
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lithium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Sodium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)  
15
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
287.00 MPa  
16
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
17
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
20
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa  
7
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa  
13
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa  
7
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.03  
36
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.85  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω  
5
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)  
2
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K  
6
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,551.00 K  
39
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol  
36
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol  
40
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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