Beryllium Hafnium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Be
Hf
Group Number
2
16
4
14
Period Number
2
6
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440417
99+
7440586
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
- Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
- It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1797
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-7 %
23
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %
29
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
35
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
39
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
19
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
- Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
32
Not Available
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
32
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C
36
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C
32
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
White Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa
21
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa
4
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s
2
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Be
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
9
29
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57
24
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81
12
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47
14
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54
12
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.58
23
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43
30
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol
7
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol
23
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol
2
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol
2
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV
6
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
4
99+
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
4
99+
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
5
99+
106
29
Number of Electrons
4
99+
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm
99+
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm
99+
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm
99+
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu
99+
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol
99+
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)
15
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm
99+
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
18
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3
99+
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3
99+
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
19
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa
7
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa
13
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa
7
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
0.03
35
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.85
99+
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m
99+
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω
5
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)
2
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K
99+
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K
6
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)
34
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol
30
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol
30
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol
30
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K
99+
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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