Beryllium Scandium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Be
Sc
Group Number
2
16
3
15
Period Number
2
4
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440417
99+
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
- Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
- It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1797
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-7 %
23
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %
29
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
35
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
39
0.00 %
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
19
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
- Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
32
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
32
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C
36
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C
32
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
White Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa
21
750.00 MPa
12
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa
4
Not Available
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s
2
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Be
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
9
29
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57
24
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81
12
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47
14
1.20
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54
12
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.58
23
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43
30
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol
7
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol
23
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol
2
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol
2
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV
6
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
4
99+
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
4
99+
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
5
99+
24
99+
Number of Electrons
4
99+
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm
99+
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm
99+
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm
99+
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu
99+
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol
99+
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)
15
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm
99+
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
18
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3
99+
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3
99+
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
19
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa
7
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa
13
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa
7
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
0.03
35
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.85
99+
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m
99+
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω
5
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)
2
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K
99+
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K
6
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)
34
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol
30
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol
30
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol
30
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K
99+
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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