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Beryllium vs Scandium

Beryllium
Scandium
Scandium vs Beryllium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Be   
Sc   
Group Number
2   
16
3   
15
Period Number
2   
4   
Block
s block   
d block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440417   
99+
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1797   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-7 %   
23
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %   
29
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
35
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
39
0.00 %   
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
19
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
32
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
32
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C   
36
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C   
32
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
White Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa   
21
750.00 MPa   
12
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa   
4
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s   
2
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Be   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
9   
29
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57   
24
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81   
12
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47   
14
1.20   
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54   
12
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.58   
23
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43   
30
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol   
7
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol   
23
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol   
2
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol   
2
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV   
6
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
4   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
4   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
5   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
4   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm   
99+
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm   
99+
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm   
99+
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol   
99+
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lithium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Sodium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)   
15
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm   
99+
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
18
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3   
99+
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
19
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa   
7
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa   
13
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa   
7
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.03   
35
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.85   
99+
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m   
99+
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω   
5
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)   
2
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K   
99+
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K   
6
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)   
34
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol   
30
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol   
30
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol   
30
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K   
99+
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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