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Bismuth vs Palladium

Bismuth
Palladium
Palladium vs Bismuth


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi   
Pd   
Group Number
15   
3
10   
8
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440699   
22
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
C12/m1   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
12.00   
12
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1753   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000006 %   
14
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
24
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3   
20
Not Available   
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.   
22
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
271.30 °C   
99+
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C   
99+
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25   
15
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa   
99+
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s   
99+
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bi   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33   
6
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02   
6
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34   
3
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67   
6
1.35   
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15   
4
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
2.01   
4
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98   
99+
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol   
35
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol   
33
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol   
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol   
28
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol   
30
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr   
19
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
83   
33
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
83   
33
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
126   
18
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
83   
33
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm   
29
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm   
36
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm   
26
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu   
29
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol   
14
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lead
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Polonium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)   
99+
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm   
2
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3   
39
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3   
18
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa   
99+
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa   
38
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa   
99+
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
0.33   
11
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.79   
30
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
0.00 H/m   
6
Not Available   
Susceptibility
0.00   
6
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m   
99+
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol   
11
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K   
99+
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol   
99+
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol   
33
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol   
99+
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K   
24
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
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