Bismuth vs Palladium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi
Pd
Group Number
15
3
10
8
Period Number
6
5
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440699
22
7440053
99+
Space Group Name
C12/m1
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
12.00
12
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1753
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000006 %
14
~0.0000003 %
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
24
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3
20
Not Available
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.
22
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
271.30 °C
99+
1,554.90 °C
22
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C
99+
2,963.00 °C
33
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.25
15
4.75
9
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa
99+
320.00 MPa
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
121.00 MPa
36
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s
99+
3,070.00 m/s
26
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.72
1
Reflectivity
Not Available
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bi
Pd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
33
6
38
1
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02
6
2.20
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34
3
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67
6
1.35
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15
4
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
2.01
4
1.59
22
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98
99+
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol
35
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol
33
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol
28
Not Available
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol
30
Not Available
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr
19
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV
22
5.12 eV
3
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
83
33
46
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
[Kr] 4d10
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
83
33
46
99+
Number of Neutrons
126
18
60
99+
Number of Electrons
83
33
46
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm
29
137.00 pm
40
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm
36
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm
26
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu
29
106.42 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol
14
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)
99+
33.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm
2
389.07 pm
25
Lattice Angles
NA
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3
39
12.02 g/cm3
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3
18
10.38 g/cm3
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
30
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa
99+
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa
38
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa
99+
121.00 GPa
16
Poisson Ratio
0.33
11
0.39
5
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.79
30
12.02
21
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m
6
Not Available
Susceptibility
0.00
6
Not Available
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m
99+
105.40 nΩ·m
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol
11
54.23 kJ/mol
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
25.98 J/mol·K
33
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K
99+
71.80 W/m·K
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol
99+
376.60 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol
33
16.74 kJ/mol
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol
99+
393.30 kJ/mol
22
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K
24
37.60 J/mol.K
40
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