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Palladium vs Bismuth

Palladium
Bismuth
Bismuth vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Bi  
Group Number
10  
8
15  
3
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440699  
22
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
C12/m1  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
12.00  
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Claude François Geoffroy  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1753  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %  
22
7 * 10-8 %  
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %  
24
~0.000006 %  
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
Not Available  
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
In Bone
Not Available  
0.20 p.p.m.  
22
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
271.30 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
33
1,560.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
2.25  
15
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
33
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
36
Not Available  
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
26
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
1
Not Available  
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
4
Not Available  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Bi  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
4
2.02  
6
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available  
2.34  
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
21
1.67  
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available  
2.15  
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
22
2.01  
4
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
1.98  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
28
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
30
2.60 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
3
4.22 eV  
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46  
99+
83  
33
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
83  
33
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
126  
18
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
83  
33
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
40
156.00 pm  
29
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
148.00 pm  
36
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
40
207.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
208.98 amu  
29
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
21.30 cm3/mol  
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Lead
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Polonium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
25
667.40 pm  
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
NA  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
29
9.78 g/cm3  
39
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
17
10.05 g/cm3  
18
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
12.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
31.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
16
32.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.33  
11
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
21
9.79  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
Not Available  
0.00 H/m  
6
Susceptibility
Not Available  
0.00  
6
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
22
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
17
91.20 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
33
25.52 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
33
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
19
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
10.90 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
22
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
40
56.70 J/mol.K  
24
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