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Calcium vs Chromium

Calcium
Chromium
Chromium vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca   
Cr   
Group Number
2   
16
6   
12
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
s block   
d block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440702   
21
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1808   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-3 %   
3
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.007 %   
4
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %   
4
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %   
3
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
5
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %   
1
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
839.00 °C   
99+
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C   
99+
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75   
17
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa   
99+
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s   
19
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ca   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19   
20
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00   
99+
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95   
24
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04   
34
1.56   
10
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08   
17
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.03   
39
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00   
9
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV   
38
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
20   
99+
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
20   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
20   
99+
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm   
6
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm   
22
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm   
19
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu   
99+
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm   
9
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)   
3
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa   
99+
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa   
99+
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa   
99+
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58   
99+
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K   
5
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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