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Cerium vs Rhodium

Cerium
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce  
Rh  
Group Number
3  
15
9  
9
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440451  
99+
7440166  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1804  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
33
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
795.00 °C  
99+
1,966.00 °C  
12
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C  
24
3,727.00 °C  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa  
99+
980.00 MPa  
10
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
1,100.00 MPa  
15
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
4,700.00 m/s  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.20  
9
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ce  
Rh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.28  
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.12  
37
2.28  
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08  
32
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.28  
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.56  
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88  
11
1.72  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
7th Energy level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
11th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
14th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
15th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
16th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
17th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
18th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
19th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
20th Energy Level
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
21st Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
23rd Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
25th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
26th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
27th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
28th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
29th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
30th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV  
99+
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
58  
99+
45  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58  
99+
45  
99+
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Electrons
58  
99+
45  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm  
14
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm  
8
142.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm  
21
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu  
99+
102.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm  
38
380.34 pm  
30
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
31
1.73  
7
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
12.41 g/cm3  
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
10.70 g/cm3  
35
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
951.00 MPa  
5
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)  
13
0.02 (Pa)  
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa  
99+
150.00 GPa  
6
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa  
99+
275.00 GPa  
5
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa  
99+
380.00 GPa  
5
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
27
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
12.41  
32
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
150.00 W/m·K  
9
Critical Temperature
1,071.00 K  
99+
2,237.00 K  
13
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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