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Rhodium vs Cerium

Rhodium
Cerium
Cerium vs Rhodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh  
Ce  
Group Number
9  
9
Not Available  
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440166  
99+
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In 1804  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %  
26
1 * 10-6 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %  
25
~0.0000004 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
Not Available  
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
Not Available  
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C  
12
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C  
17
3,257.00 °C  
23
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.50  
14
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa  
9
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa  
9
210.00 MPa  
32
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
15
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
4
Not Available  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rh  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28  
3
1.12  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
16
1.08  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.56  
24
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72  
99+
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
26
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
22
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
6
2.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
45  
99+
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
58  
99+
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
45  
99+
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
181.80 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
235.00 pm  
17
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu  
99+
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
20.67 cm3/mol  
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm  
27
362.00 pm  
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3  
28
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3  
14
6.55 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa  
5
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)  
19
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa  
6
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa  
5
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa  
5
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41  
20
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol  
7
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
0.19 J/(kg K)  
32
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
26.94 J/mol·K  
23
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K  
9
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol  
12
414.00 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol  
12
381.00 kJ/mol  
23
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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