Cerium vs Scandium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce
Sc
Group Number
Not Available
3
15
Period Number
6
4
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440451
99+
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1803
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
18
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
33
0.00 %
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.
14
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C
99+
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C
23
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa
99+
750.00 MPa
12
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa
32
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s
99+
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
30
9
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12
99+
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08
31
1.20
27
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88
11
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV
39
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58
99+
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
58
99+
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
82
99+
24
99+
Number of Electrons
58
99+
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm
12
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm
8
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm
17
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu
99+
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol
17
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)
99+
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm
34
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3
99+
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3
38
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
34
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)
13
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa
99+
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa
99+
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa
99+
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
0.24
27
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.77
99+
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m
3
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K
23
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K
99+
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol
16
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol
23
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K
12
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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