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Cerium vs Scandium

Cerium
Scandium
Scandium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce  
Sc  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440451  
99+
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
795.00 °C  
99+
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C  
24
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Lustrous  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa  
99+
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.20  
9
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ce  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.12  
37
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08  
32
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88  
11
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV  
99+
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
58  
99+
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58  
99+
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
58  
99+
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm  
14
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm  
8
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm  
21
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu  
99+
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm  
38
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
31
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)  
13
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa  
99+
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa  
99+
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa  
99+
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
27
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,071.00 K  
99+
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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