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Cerium vs Scandium

Cerium
Scandium
Scandium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce   
Sc   
Group Number
Not Available   
3   
15
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440451   
99+
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
33
0.00 %   
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C   
99+
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C   
23
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Lustrous   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa   
99+
750.00 MPa   
12
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa   
32
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12   
99+
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88   
11
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV   
39
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
58   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm   
12
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm   
8
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm   
17
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm   
34
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3   
38
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
34
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)   
13
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa   
99+
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa   
99+
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa   
99+
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
27
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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