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Cobalt vs Yttrium

Cobalt
Yttrium
Yttrium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co  
Y  
Group Number
9  
9
3  
15
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440484  
38
7440655  
25
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt  
Johan Gadolin  
Discovery
In 1732  
In 1794  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %  
10
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
26
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C  
29
1,523.00 °C  
27
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C  
35
3,337.00 °C  
22
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa  
31
589.00 MPa  
26
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa  
18
590.00 MPa  
29
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s  
18
3,300.00 m/s  
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
83.00 %  
6
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt  
-  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Co  
Y  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
19  
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88  
13
1.22  
39
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56  
1
0.65  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70  
6
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.88  
14
1.22  
38
Allen Electronegativity
1.84  
13
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12  
99+
2.78  
16
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
19
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
7,430.00 kJ/mol  
22
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,970.00 kJ/mol  
23
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
11,190.00 kJ/mol  
18
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
12,450.00 kJ/mol  
18
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
14,110.00 kJ/mol  
19
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
18,400.00 kJ/mol  
17
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
19,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
36,090.00 kJ/mol  
25
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
33
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
34
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV  
9
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
22  
99+
39  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
[Kr] 4d1 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22  
99+
39  
99+
Number of Neutrons
26  
99+
50  
99+
Number of Electrons
22  
99+
39  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm  
36
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
190.00 pm  
18
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
88.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Strontium
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Zirconium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)  
10
48.00 (-eV)  
31
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm  
99+
364.74 pm  
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.26  
99+
1.57  
39
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
4.47 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
4.24 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa  
10
160.00 MPa  
22
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
18
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
14
4.27 (Pa)  
10
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
25.60 GPa  
37
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
41.20 GPa  
35
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa  
20
63.50 GPa  
34
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.24  
26
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00  
1
4.47  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
3
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
596.00 nΩ·m  
8
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29.60 kJ/mol  
36
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.53 J/mol·K  
35
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
17.20 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,768.00 K  
32
1,799.00 K  
31
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
393.00 kJ/mol  
25
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
17.15 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
418.00 kJ/mol  
23
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
44.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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