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Yttrium vs Cobalt

Yttrium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y   
Co   
Group Number
3   
15
9   
9
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440655   
25
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1794   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %   
17
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
21
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
25
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
26
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C   
27
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C   
21
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa   
22
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s   
23
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19   
20
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22   
38
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65   
29
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.70   
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.12   
38
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78   
16
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol   
10
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol   
14
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol   
17
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol   
18
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol   
18
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol   
19
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol   
17
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol   
18
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol   
5
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39   
99+
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39   
99+
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
50   
99+
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
39   
99+
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm   
18
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol   
21
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)   
30
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm   
31
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
16
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3   
99+
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3   
99+
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
32
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)   
10
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa   
30
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa   
30
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa   
32
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
26
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47   
99+
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m   
8
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol   
30
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)   
18
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K   
27
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K   
99+
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)   
37
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol   
18
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol   
16
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol   
18
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K   
33
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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