Yttrium Cobalt Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Y
Co
Group Number
3
15
9
9
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440655
25
7440484
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin
Georg Brandt
Discovery
In 1794
In 1732
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %
17
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
21
0.06 %
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
25
0.00 %
20
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
- It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
26
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
0.04 p.p.m.
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C
27
1,495.00 °C
29
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C
21
2,870.00 °C
34
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa
22
470.00 MPa
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,043.00 MPa
11
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s
23
4,720.00 m/s
14
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-Cobalt
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-Cobalt
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y
Co
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
19
20
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22
38
1.88
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65
29
2.56
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.70
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.12
38
1.84
10
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78
16
2.12
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol
99+
760.40 kJ/mol
19
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol
10
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol
14
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol
17
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol
18
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol
18
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol
19
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol
17
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol
18
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol
5
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
5.00 eV
5
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39
99+
22
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
39
99+
22
99+
Number of Neutrons
50
99+
26
99+
Number of Electrons
39
99+
22
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
147.00 pm
34
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm
18
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu
99+
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol
21
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)
30
95.20 (-eV)
10
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm
31
295.08 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
16
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3
99+
4.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3
99+
4.11 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
434.00 MPa
9
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
32
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)
10
0.98 (Pa)
14
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa
30
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa
30
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa
32
116.00 GPa
18
Poisson Ratio
0.24
26
0.32
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4.47
99+
4,500.00
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m
8
420.00 nΩ·m
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol
30
7.60 kJ/mol
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)
18
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K
27
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K
99+
21.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)
37
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol
18
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol
16
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol
18
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K
33
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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