Symbol
Cu
Ca
Group Number
112
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
44
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
74405087440702
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00225.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
Sources
Found in Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
-
Humphry Davy
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
In 1808
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.01 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.01 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %1.10 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %5.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %1.40 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
-
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-360.50 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.170,000.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C839.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C1,484.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Copper
Gray
Luster
-
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.001.75
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa170.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa170.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s3,810.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.101.54
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
90.00 %60.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Cu
Ca
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2919
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.901.00
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.980.95
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.751.04
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.491.08
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.851.03
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.103.00
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol589.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol1,145.40 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol4,912.40 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol6,491.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol8,153.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol10,496.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol12,270.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol14,206.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol18,191.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol20,385.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol57,110.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol63,410.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol70,110.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol78,890.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol86,310.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol94,000.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol104,900.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol111,711.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol590.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol590.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol590.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol590.60 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol590.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr0.75 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV2.87 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Number
2920
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
[Ar] 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
2920
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
3520
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
2920
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm197.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm176.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm231.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu40.08 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol29.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)29.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm558.84 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.281.55
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm31.55 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm31.38 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa20.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)25.50 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa7.40 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa17.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa20.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.340.31
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.894.58
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m33.60 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω0.30 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol2.37 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)0.63 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K25.93 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K201.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K1,115.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)22.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol8.54 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol184.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻