Erbium Gallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Er
Ga
Group Number
Not Available
13
5
Period Number
6
4
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440520
35
7440553
32
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Cmca
Space Group Number
194.00
5
64.00
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
Sources
Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1842
In 1875
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
32
0.00 %
24
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C
28
29.78 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C
99+
2,403.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa
11
56.80 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa
19
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s
28
2,740.00 m/s
31
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er
Ga
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
31
8
24
15
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24
36
1.81
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.42
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.82
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.01
5
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.76
14
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76
18
2.19
39
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol
99+
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr
28
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.20 eV
23
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68
99+
31
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
68
99+
31
99+
Number of Neutrons
99
33
39
99+
Number of Electrons
68
99+
31
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
135.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm
19
122.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
187.00 pm
32
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu
99+
69.72 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol
25
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)
29
69.70 (-eV)
19
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm
39
451.97 pm
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3
99+
5.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3
23
6.10 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
20
0.00 (Pa)
15
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa
25
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa
27
Not Available
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa
29
9.80 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24
28
0.47
1
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.07
32
5.91
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m
99+
270.00 nΩ·m
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
28.90 kJ/mol
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)
34
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K
11
25.86 J/mol·K
35
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K
99+
40.60 W/m·K
34
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)
31
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol
35
256.10 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol
15
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol
33
276.10 kJ/mol
39
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K
11
40.80 J/mol.K
38
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