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Erbium vs Lead

Erbium
Lead
Lead vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Pb   
Group Number
Not Available   
14   
4
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440520   
35
7439921   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Mining   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1842   
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.000001 %   
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
In Bone
Not Available   
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
327.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
1,740.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
38.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Pb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
1.87   
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.29   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.55   
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.41   
2
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.85   
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
1.67   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.25 eV   
21
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
82   
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
82   
34
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
125   
19
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
82   
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
175.00 pm   
19
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
202.00 pm   
27
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
207.20 amu   
30
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
495.08 pm   
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
11.34 g/cm3   
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
10.66 g/cm3   
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
12.00 MPa   
20
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
5.60 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
46.00 GPa   
24
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
16.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
0.44   
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
11.35   
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
35.30 W/m·K   
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
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