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Lead vs Erbium

Lead
Erbium
Erbium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Er  
Group Number
14  
4
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440520  
35
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1842  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Mildly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
1,522.00 °C  
28
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
2,510.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
1.00  
22
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
814.00 MPa  
12
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
589.00 MPa  
30
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
2,830.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.02  
14
1.76  
24
Reflectivity
5.00 %  
39
36.00 %  
33
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Er  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
14
1.24  
37
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
1.24  
29
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
12
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
1.24  
36
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
11
1.24  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.76  
18
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
4,240.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
19
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
589.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
2.08 g/amp-hr  
32
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
28
5.93 eV  
2
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
82  
34
68  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
68  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
99  
34
Number of Electrons
82  
34
68  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
21
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
189.00 pm  
19
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
34
0.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
167.26 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
18.40 cm3/mol  
37
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Holmium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Thulium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
49.00 (-eV)  
30
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
18
355.88 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51  
99+
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
35
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
36
8.86 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
99+
350.00 MPa  
12
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
21
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
28.30 GPa  
31
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
44.40 GPa  
31
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
69.90 GPa  
31
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.24  
28
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
38
9.07  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
11
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.17 J/(kg K)  
35
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
28.12 J/mol·K  
14
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
39
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
600.61 K  
99+
1,802.00 K  
30
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
261.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
314.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
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