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Gadolinium vs Thorium

Gadolinium
Thorium
Thorium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd   
Th   
Group Number
0   
18
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440542   
33
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1880   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
34
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
30
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
Not Available   
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C   
35
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C   
25
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa   
22
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20   
39
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80   
15
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
93   
37
142   
15
Number of Electrons
64   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm   
14
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)   
34
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm   
32
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
9
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3   
31
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)   
9
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa   
33
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa   
34
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa   
35
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
23
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90   
40
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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