Gallium vs Beryllium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga
Be
Group Number
13
5
2
16
Period Number
4
2
Block
p block
s block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440553
32
7440417
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
64.00
9
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
- Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
- It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Discovery
In 1875
In 1797
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
1 * 10-7 %
23
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.00000001 %
29
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
16
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
24
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
39
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
- Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
32
In Bone
Not Available
0.00 p.p.m.
32
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C
99+
1,278.00 °C
36
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C
99+
2,970.00 °C
32
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
White Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa
99+
590.00 MPa
21
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,670.00 MPa
4
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s
31
12,890.00 m/s
2
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga
Be
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
9
29
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81
15
1.57
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42
2
1.81
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82
1
1.47
14
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01
5
1.54
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.76
14
1.58
23
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19
39
2.43
30
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
899.50 kJ/mol
7
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
1,757.10 kJ/mol
23
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
14,848.70 kJ/mol
2
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
21,006.60 kJ/mol
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
0.17 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV
23
4.98 eV
6
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31
99+
4
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[He] 2s2
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
31
99+
4
99+
Number of Neutrons
39
99+
5
99+
Number of Electrons
31
99+
4
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm
99+
112.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
96.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm
32
153.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu
99+
9.01 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
5.00 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)
19
82.00 (-eV)
15
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm
18
228.58 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.57
18
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3
99+
1.85 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3
99+
1.69 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
15
0.00 (Pa)
19
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
132.00 GPa
7
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
130.00 GPa
13
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa
99+
287.00 GPa
7
Poisson Ratio
0.47
1
0.03
35
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.91
99+
1.85
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m
15
36.00 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
0.31 106/cm Ω
5
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
1.82 J/(kg K)
2
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K
35
16.44 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K
34
200.00 W/m·K
6
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
11.30 µm/(m·K)
34
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol
36
294.70 kJ/mol
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
11.72 kJ/mol
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol
39
326.40 kJ/mol
30
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K
38
9.50 J/mol.K
99+
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