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Gallium vs Osmium

Gallium
Osmium
Osmium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Os  
Group Number
13  
5
8  
10
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440042  
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Smithson Tennant  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
3,045.00 °C  
3
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
5,027.00 °C  
6
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
7.00  
3
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
3,490.00 MPa  
1
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
3,920.00 MPa  
1
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
4,940.00 m/s  
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
2.07  
12
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
80.00 %  
7
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Os  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.52  
13
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
4.83 eV  
13
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
76  
40
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
76  
39
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
114  
26
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
76  
39
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
133.80 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
128.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
216.00 pm  
30
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
190.23 amu  
35
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Rhenium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Iridium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
91.40 (-eV)  
12
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
273.44 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.58  
37
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
22.59 g/cm3  
9
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
20.00 g/cm3  
11
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
1,000.00 MPa  
4
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
3
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
39
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
222.00 GPa  
1
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
462.00 GPa  
1
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
528.00 GPa  
1
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
22.57  
11
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
0.00  
17
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
87.60 W/m·K  
19
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
3,300.00 K  
3
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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