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Osmium vs Gallium

Osmium
Gallium
Gallium vs Osmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Os   
Ga   
Group Number
8   
10
13   
5
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440042   
99+
7440553   
32
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Cmca   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
64.00   
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant   
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1875   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-7 %   
21
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
3,045.00 °C   
3
29.78 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C   
6
2,403.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00   
3
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa   
1
56.80 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s   
11
2,740.00 m/s   
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Os   
Ga   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
24   
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.81   
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.42   
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.52   
12
1.82   
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.01   
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.65   
19
1.76   
14
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.19   
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol   
12
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol   
99+
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr   
38
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.83 eV   
8
4.20 eV   
23
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
76   
40
31   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2   
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
76   
39
31   
99+
Number of Neutrons
114   
25
39   
99+
Number of Electrons
76   
39
31   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
133.80 pm   
99+
135.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
122.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm   
24
187.00 pm   
32
Atomic Weight
190.23 amu   
35
69.72 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol   
99+
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhenium
  
Zinc
  
Next Element
Iridium
  
Rubidium
  
Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)   
12
69.70 (-eV)   
19
Lattice Constant
273.44 pm   
99+
451.97 pm   
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
14
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm3   
9
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm3   
1
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
1,000.00 MPa   
4
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
28
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa   
1
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa   
1
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
9.80 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.25   
24
0.47   
1
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
22.57   
2
5.91   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m   
35
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω   
18
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol   
9
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K   
99+
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K   
19
40.60 W/m·K   
34
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)   
99+
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol   
7
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol   
4
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol   
6
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K   
99+
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
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