Gold vs Mercury
Periodic Table
Symbol
Au
Hg
Group Number
11
7
12
6
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440575
31
7439976
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
R_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
166.00
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
Before 2000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.05 %
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
21
Not Available
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
18
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Dentistry
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
23
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
30
0.45 p.p.m.
19
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C
99+
Not Available
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C
36
356.58 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Liquid
Color
Gold
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa
99+
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa
31
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s
99+
1,451.40 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.00
3
Reflectivity
95.00 %
2
73.00 %
8
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au
Hg
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54
1
2.00
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.20
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87
7
1.81
9
Allen Electronegativity
1.92
5
1.44
30
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46
99+
2.00
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol
8
1,007.10 kJ/mol
4
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
1,810.00 kJ/mol
20
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
3,300.00 kJ/mol
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
3.74 g/amp-hr
10
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV
4
4.49 eV
15
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79
37
80
36
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
79
37
80
36
Number of Neutrons
118
23
121
22
Number of Electrons
79
37
80
36
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
132.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm
39
155.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu
33
200.59 amu
32
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
14.82 cm3/mol
35
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)
99+
28.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm
21
300.50 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
NA
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61
4
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3
15
13.53 g/cm3
24
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3
6
Not Available
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
0.00
1
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)
4
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa
27
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
Not Available
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.32
8
13.53
16
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
961.00 nΩ·m
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.14 J/(kg K)
38
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K
40
27.98 J/mol·K
13
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K
3
8.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
1,750.00 K
6
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
60.40 µm/(m·K)
5
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol
27
56.90 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol
27
2.29 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol
25
61.50 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K
32
75.80 J/mol.K
6
|
||
|
||
|
