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Gold vs Rubidium

Gold
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au   
Rb   
Group Number
11   
7
1   
17
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440575   
31
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
18
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C   
99+
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C   
36
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gold   
Grayish White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa   
99+
0.22 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa   
31
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
95.00 %   
2
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54   
1
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87   
7
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.92   
5
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46   
99+
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV   
4
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79   
37
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79   
37
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
118   
23
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
79   
37
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm   
39
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu   
33
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm   
21
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3   
15
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3   
6
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)   
4
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa   
27
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32   
8
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K   
3
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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