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Iron vs Cerium

Iron
Cerium
Cerium vs Iron


Periodic Table
Symbol
Fe  
Ce  
Group Number
8  
10
3  
15
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7439896  
99+
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Iron is not always magnetic in nature, its allotrope are ferromagnetic and the B allotrope is nonmagnetic.
  • The blood consists Iron in hemoglobin molecules to transfer Oxygen in the body.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
Before 5000 BC  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.11 %  
1
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.10 %  
1
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
22.00 %  
1
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
6.30 %  
2
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Humans
0.01 %  
6
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Iron metal alloy steel is used in the application of civil engineering and manufacturing.
  • Alloys of iron with nickel, vanadium, chromium, tungsten and manganese have very useful properties.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
447.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
3
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
380.00 p.p.m.  
5
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical
Melting Point
1,535.00 °C  
25
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,750.00 °C  
39
3,257.00 °C  
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
200.00 MPa  
99+
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
608.00 MPa  
27
210.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,120.00 m/s  
12
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
2.20  
9
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
Ferrite (alpha Iron)  
-  
β Allotropes
beta Iron  
-  
γ Allotropes
gamma Iron  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Fe  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.83  
15
1.12  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.12  
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.64  
9
1.08  
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.83  
16
1.12  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.80  
15
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.17  
99+
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
17
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,561.90 kJ/mol  
37
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,957.00 kJ/mol  
29
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,290.00 kJ/mol  
25
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,240.00 kJ/mol  
25
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
6th Energy Level
9,560.00 kJ/mol  
20
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7th Energy level
12,060.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
14,580.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
22,540.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
25,290.00 kJ/mol  
8
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
28,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
31,920.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
34,830.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
37,840.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
44,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
47,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
122,200.00 kJ/mol  
1
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
131,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
140,500.00 kJ/mol  
3
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
152,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
163,000.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
22nd Energy Level
173,600.00 kJ/mol  
4
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
188,100.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
24th Energy Level
195,200.00 kJ/mol  
1
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
762.00 kJ/mol  
15
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
15
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
14
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
20
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
20
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
762.00 kJ/mol  
15
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
2.84 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
26  
99+
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d6 4s2  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
26  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
30  
99+
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
26  
99+
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
126.00 pm  
99+
181.80 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
235.00 pm  
21
Atomic Weight
55.85 amu  
99+
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Manganese
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Cobalt
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
67.00 (-eV)  
20
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
286.65 pm  
99+
362.00 pm  
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.35  
99+
1.59  
31
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.87 g/cm3  
99+
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.98 g/cm3  
99+
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
11,000.00 MPa  
1
270.00 MPa  
17
Viscosity
0.00  
19
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
36.80 (Pa)  
5
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
82.00 GPa  
11
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
211.00 GPa  
9
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.29  
15
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.20  
99+
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.01 H/m  
1
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
200,000.00  
1
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
96.10 nΩ·m  
32
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
24
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
15.70 kJ/mol  
40
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
25.10 J/mol·K  
99+
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
80.40 W/m·K  
22
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,811.00 K  
29
1,071.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
351.00 kJ/mol  
33
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.90 kJ/mol  
23
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
414.20 kJ/mol  
24
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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