Lithium vs Scandium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Li
Sc
Group Number
1
17
3
15
Period Number
2
4
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkali
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7439932
99+
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Heat capacity of Lithium is very high.
- Lithium inflammable and highly explosive metal, hence it has to be stored properly.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Johan August Arfwedson
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1817
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-7 %
18
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.00017 %
11
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
16
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- The main usage of Lithium is manufacturing rechargeable batteries for electronic equipment and gadgets.
- it is also used in manufacturing non-rechargeable batteries.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
27
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
1.30 p.p.m.
17
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
180.54 °C
99+
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
1,347.00 °C
99+
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.60
21
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
5.00 MPa
99+
750.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
6,000.00 m/s
3
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Li
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
8
30
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.98
99+
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.89
26
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97
38
1.20
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.97
19
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.91
99+
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.02
8
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol
99+
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.10 kJ/mol
3
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.00 kJ/mol
4
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.26 g/amp-hr
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.90 eV
37
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
3
99+
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s1
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
3
99+
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
4
99+
24
99+
Number of Electrons
3
99+
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
152.00 pm
31
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
128.00 pm
99+
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
182.00 pm
35
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
6.94 amu
99+
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol
39
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
19.00 (-eV)
99+
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
351.00 pm
99+
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
0.53 g/cm3
99+
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.51 g/cm3
99+
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
109.00 (Pa)
2
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
4.20 GPa
99+
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
11.00 GPa
99+
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
4.90 GPa
99+
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
0.53
99+
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
92.80 nΩ·m
33
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω
19
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
59.60 kJ/mol
16
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
3.60 J/(kg K)
1
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
24.86 J/mol·K
99+
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
84.80 W/m·K
20
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
3,223.00 K
1
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
46.00 µm/(m·K)
7
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
134.70 kJ/mol
99+
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.00 kJ/mol
99+
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
160.70 kJ/mol
99+
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
29.10 J/mol.K
99+
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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