Magnesium Gallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Mg
Ga
Group Number
2
16
13
5
Period Number
3
4
Block
s block
p block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7439954
99+
7440553
32
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Cmca
Space Group Number
194.00
5
64.00
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
- Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Joseph Black
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1755
In 1875
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-2 %
2
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.07 %
2
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
12.00 %
2
0.00 %
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.90 %
4
0.00 %
24
Abundance In Oceans
0.13 %
2
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Humans
0.03 %
4
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
- It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3
5
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
In Bone
1,800.00 p.p.m.
4
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
650.00 °C
99+
29.78 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,107.00 °C
99+
2,403.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa
36
56.80 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s
11
2,740.00 m/s
31
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
74.00 %
7
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mg
Ga
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
15
24
24
15
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.31
31
1.81
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.32
18
2.42
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.82
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.37
16
2.01
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.29
35
1.76
14
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.69
23
2.19
39
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol
24
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.70 kJ/mol
99+
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
3rd Energy Level
7,732.70 kJ/mol
5
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
4th Energy Level
10,542.50 kJ/mol
4
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
5th Energy Level
13,630.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
6th Energy Level
18,020.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
7th Energy level
21,711.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
8th Energy Level
25,661.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
9th Energy Level
31,653.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
10th Energy Level
35,458.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
11th Energy Level
169,988.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
12th Energy Level
189,368.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr
99+
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.66 eV
29
4.20 eV
23
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
12
99+
31
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
12
99+
31
99+
Number of Neutrons
12
99+
39
99+
Number of Electrons
12
99+
31
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
135.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
141.00 pm
99+
122.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
173.00 pm
37
187.00 pm
32
Atomic Weight
24.31 amu
99+
69.72 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
13.97 cm3/mol
37
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
40.00 (-eV)
99+
69.70 (-eV)
19
Lattice Constant
320.94 pm
99+
451.97 pm
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.74 g/cm3
99+
5.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.58 g/cm3
99+
6.10 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
15
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
17.00 GPa
37
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
45.00 GPa
25
Not Available
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa
39
9.80 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.29
15
0.47
1
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.74
99+
5.91
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
43.90 nΩ·m
99+
270.00 nΩ·m
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.23 106/cm Ω
7
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
28.90 kJ/mol
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.02 J/(kg K)
4
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
Molar Heat Capacity
24.87 J/mol·K
99+
25.86 J/mol·K
35
Thermal Conductivity
156.00 W/m·K
8
40.60 W/m·K
34
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
24.80 µm/(m·K)
15
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.70 kJ/mol
99+
256.10 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.95 kJ/mol
39
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
148.50 kJ/mol
99+
276.10 kJ/mol
39
Standard Molar Entropy
32.70 J/mol.K
99+
40.80 J/mol.K
38
|
||
|
||
|
