Symbol
Po
  
Ti
  
Period Number
6
  
4
  
Block
p block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Post-Transition
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
Pm-3m
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
- The only metal which burns in Nitrogen is Titanium.
- Titanium is also known as corrosion resistant metal.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
  
W. Gregor & J. Berzelius
  
Discovery
In 1898
  
In 1791
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
  
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
- Its alloys are used in spacecraft, aircraft and ammunition industry.
- Its pipes are used in distillation plants, submarines, hulls of big ships, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
  
16
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
Not Available
  
Melting Point
1,660.00 °C
  
18
Boiling Point
3,287.00 °C
  
22
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silver
  
Silvery Gray-White
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
Not Available
  
5,090.00 m/s
  
9
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
Yes
  
No
  
α Allotropes
α-polonium
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
β-polonium
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Po
  
Ti
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol
  
14
658.80 kJ/mol
  
39
2nd Energy Level
Not Available
  
1,309.80 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
  
2,652.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
  
4,174.60 kJ/mol
  
32
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
9,581.00 kJ/mol
  
5
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
11,533.00 kJ/mol
  
6
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
13,590.00 kJ/mol
  
6
8th Energy Level
Not Available
  
16,440.00 kJ/mol
  
8
9th Energy Level
Not Available
  
18,530.00 kJ/mol
  
11
10th Energy Level
Not Available
  
20,833.00 kJ/mol
  
15
11th Energy Level
Not Available
  
25,575.00 kJ/mol
  
14
12th Energy Level
Not Available
  
28,125.00 kJ/mol
  
14
13th Energy Level
Not Available
  
76,015.00 kJ/mol
  
1
14th Energy Level
Not Available
  
83,280.00 kJ/mol
  
2
15th Energy Level
Not Available
  
90,880.00 kJ/mol
  
3
16th Energy Level
Not Available
  
100,700.00 kJ/mol
  
4
17th Energy Level
Not Available
  
109,100.00 kJ/mol
  
5
18th Energy Level
Not Available
  
117,800.00 kJ/mol
  
6
19th Energy Level
Not Available
  
129,900.00 kJ/mol
  
7
20th Energy Level
Not Available
  
137,530.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr
  
8
0.45 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Chemical Stability, Ionization
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
  
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Titanium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol
  
13
10.64 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available
  
95.20 (-eV)
  
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3
  
99+
4.51 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Ductile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Poor Conductor
  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m
  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol
  
3
7.60 kJ/mol
  
37
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
  
40
0.52 J/(kg K)
  
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K
  
28
25.06 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K
  
99+
21.90 W/m·K
  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)
  
16
8.60 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol
  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
  
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol
  
26
15.48 kJ/mol
  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
  
15
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
  
27.30 J/mol.K
  
99+