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Praseodymium vs Calcium

Praseodymium
Calcium
Calcium vs Praseodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pr   
Ca   
Group Number
Not Available   
2   
16
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
s block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Alkaline Earth   
CAS Number
7440100   
99+
7440702   
21
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Not Available   
Humphry Davy   
Discovery
In 1885   
In 1808   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
7 * 10-3 %   
3
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.007 %   
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
40
1.10 %   
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
27
5.00 %   
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
39
0.00 %   
5
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
1.40 %   
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
In Bone
Not Available   
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
935.00 °C   
99+
839.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C   
27
1,484.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Grayish White   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.75   
17
Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa   
24
170.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa   
25
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s   
40
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pr   
Ca   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
19   
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13   
99+
1.00   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.95   
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.04   
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.08   
17
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.03   
39
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.87   
12
3.00   
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol   
99+
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol   
99+
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol   
29
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr   
40
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV   
99+
2.87 eV   
38
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
59   
99+
20   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2   
[Ar] 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
59   
99+
20   
99+
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
20   
99+
Number of Electrons
59   
99+
20   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
182.00 pm   
11
197.00 pm   
6
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm   
9
176.00 pm   
22
Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm   
14
231.00 pm   
19
Atomic Weight
140.91 amu   
99+
40.08 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol   
15
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cerium
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Neodymium
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)   
99+
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
367.25 pm   
29
558.84 pm   
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm3   
39
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
25
25.50 (Pa)   
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)   
7
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa   
39
7.40 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa   
40
17.00 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa   
99+
20.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
16
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
4.58   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m   
99+
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K   
18
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K   
99+
201.00 W/m·K   
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol   
29
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol   
99+
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol   
24
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K   
10
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
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