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Praseodymium vs Rubidium

Praseodymium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Praseodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pr  
Rb  
Group Number
3  
15
1  
17
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
s block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Alkali  
CAS Number
7440100  
99+
7440177  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Discovery
In 1885  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
27
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
Physical
Melting Point
935.00 °C  
99+
38.89 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C  
28
688.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Grayish White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
0.30  
26
Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa  
29
0.22 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa  
99+
0.22 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.64  
30
1.54  
35
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
52.00 %  
29
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pr  
Rb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
0.82  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
0.31  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
0.89  
99+
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
0.69  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
0.71  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.87  
12
3.18  
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
6th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
7th Energy level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
8th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
9th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
10th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
11th Energy Level
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
2.16 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
59  
99+
37  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
[Kr] 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
59  
99+
37  
99+
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Electrons
59  
99+
37  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
182.00 pm  
13
248.00 pm  
3
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm  
9
220.00 pm  
4
Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm  
18
303.00 pm  
4
Atomic Weight
140.91 amu  
99+
85.47 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cerium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Neodymium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
367.25 pm  
32
558.50 pm  
11
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.59  
28
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
55.00 MPa  
37
30.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
35
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa  
99+
2.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa  
99+
2.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
2.40 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
16
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
1.53  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
19
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
58.20 W/m·K  
26
Critical Temperature
1,208.00 K  
99+
2,093.00 K  
18
Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
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