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Rubidium vs Praseodymium

Rubidium
Praseodymium
Praseodymium vs Rubidium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb  
Pr  
Group Number
1  
17
3  
15
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440177  
99+
7440100  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
-  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1885  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
38.89 °C  
99+
935.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
688.00 °C  
99+
3,130.00 °C  
28
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Grayish White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30  
26
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
481.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
1.64  
30
Reflectivity
52.00 %  
29
60.00 %  
23
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rb  
Pr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31  
99+
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69  
99+
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
0.71  
99+
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
2.87  
12
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV  
99+
2.70 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
37  
99+
59  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1  
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37  
99+
59  
99+
Number of Neutrons
48  
99+
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
37  
99+
59  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm  
3
182.00 pm  
13
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm  
4
203.00 pm  
9
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm  
4
239.00 pm  
18
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu  
99+
140.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Cerium
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Neodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm  
11
367.25 pm  
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
28
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
30.00 MPa  
99+
55.00 MPa  
37
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
35
13.20 (Pa)  
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
14.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
28.80 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa  
99+
37.30 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.28  
16
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53  
99+
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
19
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K  
26
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K  
18
1,208.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
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