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Praseodymium vs Scandium

Praseodymium
Scandium
Scandium vs Praseodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pr  
Sc  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440100  
99+
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1885  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
935.00 °C  
99+
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C  
28
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa  
29
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa  
99+
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.64  
30
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pr  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.87  
12
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
59  
99+
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
59  
99+
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
59  
99+
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
182.00 pm  
13
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm  
9
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm  
18
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
140.91 amu  
99+
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cerium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Neodymium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
367.25 pm  
32
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
55.00 MPa  
37
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)  
7
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa  
99+
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa  
99+
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
16
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
19
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,208.00 K  
99+
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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