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Properties of Thorium and Cadmium

Thorium
Cadmium
Properties of Cadmium & Thorium


Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
765.00 °C   
99+
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
Not Available   
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
?
Corrosion is a process which converts refined metals to their more stable forms, for example, its oxide and hydroxide. This process of metals getting corroded is a gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions.Corrosion, 
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces.Radioactivity   
?
Stable metals are non radioactive metals and have zero valence electrons in the outer shell.Chemical Stability, 
?
Anti-corrosion metals have the protection on their surfaces which protect them from corroding in corrosive environments.Anti Corrosion, 
?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.Ionization, 
?
Radioactive metals emit particles and radiation from their nuclei. This process comes in the picture because their nuclei experience the intense conflict between two strong forces. This metal also have radioactive isotopes.Radioactive Isotopes, 
?
Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.Solubility   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
?
Ductility of metals defines their ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to be stretched into a wire.Ductile   
?
Ductility of metals defines their ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to be stretched into a wire.Ductile, 
?
Malleability of metals defines their ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often characterized by the metals ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling.Malleable   
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Cd   
Group Number
0   
18
12   
6
Period Number
7   
5   
Block
?
The f-block is in the center-left of a 32-column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18-column tables. These elements are not generally considered as part of any group. They are often called inner transition metals.f block   
?
The d-block is on the middle of the periodic table and includes elements from columns 3 through 12. These elements are also known as the transition metals because they show a transitivity in their properties i.e. they show a trend in their properties.d block   
Element Family
?
Total 15 metals are included in actinide series, from Actinium to Lawrencium. Actinide series is located under f and d block of the periodic table.Actinide   
?
What is Transition Metal? All transition metals are placed under the d-block from group number 3 to 12. Transition metals show characteristics like malleability, ductility and are good conductor of electricity.Transition Metal   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
48   
99+
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
48   
99+
Crystal Structure
?
In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
?
The hexagonal crystal system consists of the 7 point groups such that all their space groups have the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice. The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has theHexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
158.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Indium
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Silver
  
Magnetic Properties
Electrical Properties
  
  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Electrical Property
?
Under certain conditions, superconductor metals offer zero resistance to electric current it means this type of metals will conduct electricity without any resistance.Superconductor   
?
Semiconductor metals have conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator.Semiconductor   
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
?
Paramagnetic metals are slightly attracted by magnet, but they can’t retain the magnetic effect once they are removed from the magnetic field.Paramagnetic   
?
Diamagnetic metals produce a magnetic field opposite to the applied magnetic field. Thus, they are repelled by magnets and show magnetic nature.Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
Not Available   
Susceptibility
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
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