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Radium vs Cerium

Radium
Cerium
Cerium vs Radium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ra  
Ce  
Group Number
2  
16
3  
15
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440144  
99+
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical
Melting Point
700.00 °C  
99+
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,737.00 °C  
99+
3,257.00 °C  
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
140.00 MPa  
99+
210.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,150.00 m/s  
37
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
2.20  
9
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ra  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.12  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.12  
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97  
39
1.08  
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.92  
99+
1.12  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.10  
5
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
6th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7th Energy level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
22nd Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
24th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
2.84 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
88  
30
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 7s2  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
88  
30
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
138  
17
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
88  
30
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
215.00 pm  
6
181.80 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
221.00 pm  
3
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
283.00 pm  
5
235.00 pm  
21
Atomic Weight
226.00 amu  
26
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Francium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Actinium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
514.80 pm  
15
362.00 pm  
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.59  
31
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
99+
270.00 MPa  
17
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.00 GPa  
38
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa  
25
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.00  
99+
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
18
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
973.00 K  
99+
1,071.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
Standard Molar Entropy
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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