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Rhodium Calcium Comparison


Calcium Rhodium comparison


Periodic Table

Symbol
Rh   
Ca   

Group Number
9   
9
2   
16

Period Number
5   
4   

Block
d block   
s block   

Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkaline Earth   

CAS Number
7440166   
99+
7440702   
21

Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   

Space Group Number
225.00   
2
225.00   
2

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  

Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Humphry Davy   

Discovery
In 1804   
In 1808   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
7 * 10-3 %   
3

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.007 %   
4

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
1.10 %   
4

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
5.00 %   
3

Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
5

Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
1.40 %   
1

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  

Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   

Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
NA   
Non Toxic   

Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   

In Blood
Not Available   
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4

In Bone
Not Available   
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1

Physical Properties

Melting Point
1,966.00 °C   
12
839.00 °C   
99+

Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C   
17
1,484.00 °C   
99+

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silvery White   
Gray   

Luster
Metallic   
NA   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
1.75   
17

Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa   
9
170.00 MPa   
99+

Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa   
9
Not Available   

Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s   
15
3,810.00 m/s   
19

Optical Properties
  
  

Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
Not Available   

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Rh   
Ca   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
16   
23
19   
20

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
2.28   
3
1.00   
99+

Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.95   
24

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45   
16
1.04   
34

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.08   
17

Allen Electronegativity
1.56   
24
1.03   
39

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
1.72   
99+
3.00   
9

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol   
29
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol   
26
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol   
27
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7

4th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7

5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7

6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8

7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12

8th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15

9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12

10th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16

11th Energy Level
Not Available   
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3

12th Energy Level
Not Available   
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3

13th Energy Level
Not Available   
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3

14th Energy Level
Not Available   
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4

15th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5

16th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6

17th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7

18th Energy Level
Not Available   
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8

Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+

Electron Work Function
4.98 eV   
6
2.87 eV   
38

Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
45   
99+
20   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1   
[Ar] 4s2   

Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   

Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
45   
99+
20   
99+

Number of Neutrons
58   
99+
20   
99+

Number of Electrons
45   
99+
20   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
197.00 pm   
6

Covalent Radius
142.00 pm   
99+
176.00 pm   
22

Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
231.00 pm   
19

Atomic Weight
102.91 amu   
99+
40.08 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
29.90 cm3/mol   
7

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Potassium
  

Next Element
Palladium
  
Scandium
  

Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
29.00 (-eV)   
99+

Lattice Constant
380.34 pm   
27
558.84 pm   
9

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   

Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3   
28
1.55 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3   
14
1.38 g/cm3   
99+

Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa   
5
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
25.50 (Pa)   
3

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)   
19
Not Available   

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa   
6
7.40 GPa   
99+

Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa   
5
17.00 GPa   
99+

Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa   
5
20.00 GPa   
99+

Poisson Ratio
0.26   
22
0.31   
13

Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
NA   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
12.41   
20
4.58   
99+

Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m   
99+
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+

Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω   
8
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6

Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol   
7
2.37 kJ/mol   
39

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
22
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7

Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K   
99+
25.93 J/mol·K   
34

Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K   
9
201.00 W/m·K   
5

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)   
99+
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol   
12
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol   
10
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol   
12
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K   
99+
41.60 J/mol.K   
36

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