Ruthenium Gallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru
Ga
Group Number
8
10
13
5
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440188
99+
7440553
32
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Cmca
Space Group Number
194.00
5
64.00
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1844
In 1875
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %
20
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %
22
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
24
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C
8
29.78 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C
14
2,403.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.50
5
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa
3
56.80 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s
4
2,740.00 m/s
31
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru
Ga
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
24
15
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
1.81
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.42
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.82
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.01
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.54
25
1.76
14
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
2.19
39
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
32
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
4th Energy Level
Not Available
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV
9
4.20 eV
23
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44
99+
31
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
44
99+
31
99+
Number of Neutrons
57
99+
39
99+
Number of Electrons
44
99+
31
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
135.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
122.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
187.00 pm
32
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu
99+
69.72 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
22
69.70 (-eV)
19
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm
99+
451.97 pm
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
11
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3
27
5.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3
16
6.10 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
15
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa
4
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa
7
Not Available
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa
3
9.80 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30
14
0.47
1
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.45
19
5.91
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m
38
270.00 nΩ·m
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol
10
28.90 kJ/mol
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
25.86 J/mol·K
35
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K
13
40.60 W/m·K
34
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol
10
256.10 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol
7
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol
9
276.10 kJ/mol
39
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
40.80 J/mol.K
38
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