Ruthenium Palladium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru
Pd
Group Number
8
10
10
8
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440188
99+
7440053
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1844
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %
20
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %
22
~0.0000003 %
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C
8
1,554.90 °C
22
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C
14
2,963.00 °C
33
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.50
5
4.75
9
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa
3
320.00 MPa
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
121.00 MPa
36
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s
4
3,070.00 m/s
26
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.72
1
Reflectivity
Not Available
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru
Pd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
38
1
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
2.20
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.35
21
Allen Electronegativity
1.54
25
1.59
22
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
32
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV
9
5.12 eV
3
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44
99+
46
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Kr] 4d10
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
44
99+
46
99+
Number of Neutrons
57
99+
60
99+
Number of Electrons
44
99+
46
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
137.00 pm
40
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu
99+
106.42 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
22
33.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm
99+
389.07 pm
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
11
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3
27
12.02 g/cm3
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3
16
10.38 g/cm3
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
0.00 (Pa)
30
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa
4
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa
7
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa
3
121.00 GPa
16
Poisson Ratio
0.30
14
0.39
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.45
19
12.02
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m
38
105.40 nΩ·m
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol
10
54.23 kJ/mol
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
25.98 J/mol·K
33
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K
13
71.80 W/m·K
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol
10
376.60 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol
7
16.74 kJ/mol
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol
9
393.30 kJ/mol
22
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
37.60 J/mol.K
40
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