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Ruthenium vs Palladium

Ruthenium
Palladium
Palladium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Pd   
Group Number
8   
10
10   
8
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
2.20   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.35   
21
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
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