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Ruthenium vs Palladium

Ruthenium
Palladium
Palladium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Pd  
Group Number
8  
10
10  
8
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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