Ruthenium vs Gadolinium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru
Gd
Group Number
8
10
0
18
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440188
99+
7440542
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Discovery
In 1844
In 1880
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %
20
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %
22
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C
8
1,311.00 °C
35
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C
14
3,233.00 °C
25
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.50
5
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa
3
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
510.00 MPa
22
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s
4
2,680.00 m/s
34
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru
Gd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
1.20
39
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.11
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.54
25
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
2.80
15
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
32
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV
9
3.10 eV
35
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44
99+
64
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
44
99+
64
99+
Number of Neutrons
57
99+
93
37
Number of Electrons
44
99+
64
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
196.00 pm
14
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu
99+
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
22
46.10 (-eV)
34
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm
99+
363.60 pm
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
11
1.59
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3
27
7.90 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3
16
7.40 g/cm3
31
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
7.39 (Pa)
9
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa
4
21.80 GPa
33
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa
7
37.90 GPa
34
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa
3
54.80 GPa
35
Poisson Ratio
0.30
14
0.26
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.45
19
7.90
40
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m
38
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol
10
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
37.03 J/mol·K
2
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K
13
10.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol
10
359.40 kJ/mol
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol
7
10.05 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol
9
352.00 kJ/mol
27
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
68.10 J/mol.K
16
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