Symbol
Ag
Co
Group Number
119
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
54
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74402247440484
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- It is the most reflective element.
- Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
- It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
-
Georg Brandt
Discovery
Before 5000 BC
In 1732
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.06 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
- It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
-
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.04 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.44 p.p.m.0.04 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
961.93 °C1,495.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,212.00 °C2,870.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.505.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
251.00 MPa470.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
229.00 MPa1,043.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s4,720.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
0.162.50
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
97.00 %67.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
α-Cobalt
β Allotropes
-
β-Cobalt
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Ag
Co
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3626
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.931.88
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.832.56
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.421.70
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.471.88
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.871.84
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.072.12
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
2,070.00 kJ/mol1,648.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,361.00 kJ/mol3,232.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol4,950.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol7,670.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol9,840.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
7,310.00 kJ/mol12,440.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol15,230.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol17,959.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol26,570.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol29,400.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol32,400.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol36,600.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol39,700.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
73,100.00 kJ/mol42,800.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
73,100.00 kJ/mol49,396.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol52,737.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
7,310.00 kJ/mol134,810.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol145,170.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol154,700.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol167,400.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol178,100.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol189,300.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.02 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.26 eV5.00 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Atomic Number
4722
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s1
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
4722
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
6126
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
4722
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
144.00 pm147.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm160.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
172.00 pm200.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
107.87 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
10.30 cm3/mol10.64 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
11.40 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
408.53 pm295.08 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.591.26
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
10.49 g/cm34.51 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.32 g/cm34.11 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
170.00 MPa434.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.98 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa44.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa110.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa116.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.370.32
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
10.504,500.00
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
15.87 nΩ·m420.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.63 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
125.60 kJ/mol7.60 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.52 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.35 J/mol·K25.06 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
429.00 W/m·K21.90 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,235.00 K1,768.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
18.90 µm/(m·K)8.60 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
255.10 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.30 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
284.50 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
42.60 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻