Silver

Nickel

Silver vs Nickel

Silver

Nickel

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

1110

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74402247440020

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

225.00225.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

It is the most reflective element.

Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.

It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.

Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Unknown

Axel Fredrik Cronstedt

2.3.2 Discovery

Before 5000 BC

In 1751

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

6 * 10^-8 %6 * 10^-3 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000001 %~0.008 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %1.30 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.

It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry

Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.05 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.44 p.p.m.0.70 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

961.93 °C1,453.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,212.00 °C2,732.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

2.504.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

251.00 MPa667.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

229.00 MPa638.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

2,680.00 m/s4,900.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

97.00 %72.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3625

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.931.91

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.831.94

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.421.75

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.47NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.871.88

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.072.09

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

731.00 kJ/mol737.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

2,070.00 kJ/mol1,753.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,361.00 kJ/mol3,395.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

NA5,300.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA7,339.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA10,400.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NA12,800.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NA15,600.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NA18,600.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NA21,670.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA30,970.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA34,000.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA37,100.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA41,500.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA44,800.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA48,100.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA55,101.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA58,570.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NA148,700.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NA159,000.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NA169,400.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NA182,700.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NA194,000.00 kJ/mol

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

4.02 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.26 eV5.15 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

4728

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹

[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s² Or [Ar] 3d⁹ 4s¹

6.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

4728

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

6131

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

4728

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

144.00 pm124.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

145.00 pm124.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

172.00 pm163.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

107.87 amu58.69 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

10.30 cm3/mol6.59 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

11.40 (-eV)42.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

408.53 pm352.40 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

10.49 g/cm³8.91 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

9.32 g/cm37.81 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NA345.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA19.50 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

30.00 GPa76.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

100.00 GPa180.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

83.00 GPa200.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.370.31

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

10.508.90

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Ferromagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NA0.00 H/m

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

0.00600.00

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

15.87 nΩ·m69.30 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.63 10⁶/cm Ω0.14 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

125.60 kJ/mol112.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.24 J/(kg K)0.44 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.35 J/mol·K26.07 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

429.00 W/m·K90.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

18.90 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

255.10 kJ/mol371.80 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

11.30 kJ/mol17.57 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

284.50 kJ/mol422.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

42.60 J/mol.K29.90 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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