Sodium vs Cerium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Na
Ce
Group Number
1
17
Not Available
Period Number
3
6
Block
s block
f block
Element Family
Alkali
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440235
99+
7440451
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
- The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Discovery
In 1807
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-3 %
6
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.004 %
6
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %
6
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %
5
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %
1
0.00 %
33
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %
3
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
- Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Moderately Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3
1
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.
2
2.70 p.p.m.
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
97.72 °C
99+
795.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
883.00 °C
99+
3,257.00 °C
23
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.50
22
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa
99+
186.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
210.00 MPa
32
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s
24
2,100.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Na
Ce
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
30
9
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93
99+
1.12
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56
30
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01
35
1.08
31
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91
21
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.87
99+
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07
6
2.88
11
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol
99+
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol
4
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol
6
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol
5
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol
4
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol
4
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV
40
2.84 eV
39
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
11
99+
58
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
11
99+
58
99+
Number of Neutrons
12
99+
82
99+
Number of Electrons
11
99+
58
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm
9
181.80 pm
12
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm
27
204.00 pm
8
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm
21
235.00 pm
17
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu
99+
140.12 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol
10
20.67 cm3/mol
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)
99+
41.78 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm
19
362.00 pm
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3
99+
6.77 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3
99+
6.55 g/cm3
38
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
1.04 (Pa)
13
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa
99+
13.50 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa
99+
21.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa
99+
33.60 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.24
27
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
0.97
99+
6.77
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m
99+
828.00 nΩ·m
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω
9
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol
19
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)
3
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K
10
26.94 J/mol·K
23
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K
11
11.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K
2
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)
4
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol
99+
414.00 kJ/mol
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol
99+
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol
99+
381.00 kJ/mol
23
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K
28
72.00 J/mol.K
12
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