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Sodium vs Thorium

Sodium
Thorium
Thorium vs Sodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
-  
Th  
Group Number
1  
17
0  
18
Period Number
3  
7  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440235  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
  • The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1807  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
6
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %  
6
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %  
5
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %  
1
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %  
4
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
  • Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
1
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.  
2
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
97.72 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
883.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.50  
24
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s  
35
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.33  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
53.00 %  
28
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
-  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01  
36
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.87  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07  
6
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol  
4
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol  
6
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol  
5
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol  
2
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol  
2
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
495.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV  
99+
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
11  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
11  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
12  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
11  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm  
29
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol  
14
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Beryllium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Magnesium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm  
22
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.01  
99+
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
10.00 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
5
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.97  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
9
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol  
24
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)  
3
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K  
13
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K  
11
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K  
10
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)  
4
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K  
39
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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