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Sodium vs Thorium

Sodium
Thorium
Thorium vs Sodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Na   
Th   
Group Number
1   
17
0   
18
Period Number
3   
7   
Block
s block   
f block   
Element Family
Alkali   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440235   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
  • The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1807   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-3 %   
6
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.004 %   
6
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %   
6
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %   
5
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %   
1
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %   
3
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
  • Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
1
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.   
2
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
97.72 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
883.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.50   
22
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa   
99+
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s   
24
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Na   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17   
22
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93   
99+
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56   
30
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01   
35
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91   
21
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
0.87   
99+
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07   
6
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol   
4
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol   
6
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol   
5
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV   
40
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
11   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
11   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
12   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
11   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm   
27
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm   
21
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol   
10
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Beryllium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Magnesium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm   
19
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa   
99+
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa   
99+
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa   
99+
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.97   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω   
9
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)   
3
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K   
10
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K   
11
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K   
2
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)   
4
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K   
28
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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