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Tin Thallium Comparison

Tin
Thallium
Thallium Tin comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sn  
Tl  
Group Number
14  
4
13  
5
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440315  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
I41/amd  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
141.00  
10
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
  • Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
William Crookes  
Discovery
Before 3500 BC  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
  • Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.38 Blood/mg dm-3  
10
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
1.40 p.p.m.  
17
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
231.90 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,270.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
50.00 MPa  
99+
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
50.00 MPa  
99+
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,730.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
51.00 %  
30
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)  
-  
β Allotropes
White Tin (Beta Tin)  
-  
γ Allotropes
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sn  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.96  
9
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.49  
19
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.72  
5
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.21  
5
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.82  
14
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.04  
99+
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,411.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,943.00 kJ/mol  
30
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
3,930.30 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
7,456.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
27
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,086.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
39
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
708.00 kJ/mol  
33
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
708.00 kJ/mol  
27
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
26
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
28
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
32
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.42 eV  
22
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
50  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
50  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
69  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
50  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
140.00 pm  
40
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
217.00 pm  
29
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
118.71 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
16.30 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Indium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Cesium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
83.50 (-eV)  
14
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
583.18 pm  
7
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
0.68  
99+
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.37 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.99 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
15
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
18
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
58.00 GPa  
21
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.36  
8
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.31  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
115.00 nΩ·m  
28
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.09 106/cm Ω  
28
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
107.30 kJ/mol  
9
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
28
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K  
26
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
66.80 W/m·K  
25
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
505.00 K  
99+
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
22.00 µm/(m·K)  
21
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
290.40 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.03 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.30 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.20 J/mol.K  
40
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
Summary >>
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