Tin Thallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Sn
Tl
Group Number
14
4
13
5
Period Number
5
6
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440315
99+
7440280
99+
Space Group Name
I41/amd
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
141.00
7
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
- Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
William Crookes
Discovery
Before 3500 BC
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %
20
5 * 10-9 %
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000009 %
19
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
24
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
13
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
- Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry
Medical Research
Other Uses
NA
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.38 Blood/mg dm-3
10
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
In Bone
1.40 p.p.m.
16
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
231.90 °C
99+
303.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,270.00 °C
99+
1,457.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
50.00 MPa
99+
26.50 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
2,730.00 m/s
32
818.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)
Not Available
β Allotropes
White Tin (Beta Tin)
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sn
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.96
8
1.62
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.49
15
2.25
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.72
4
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.21
3
1.96
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.82
11
1.79
13
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.04
99+
2.38
33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol
33
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,411.80 kJ/mol
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
3rd Energy Level
2,943.00 kJ/mol
30
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
4th Energy Level
3,930.30 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
5th Energy Level
7,456.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
Electron Work Function
4.42 eV
16
3.84 eV
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
50
99+
81
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
50
99+
81
35
Number of Neutrons
69
99+
123
20
Number of Electrons
50
99+
81
35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
140.00 pm
38
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
217.00 pm
23
196.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
118.71 amu
99+
204.38 amu
31
Atomic Volume
16.30 cm3/mol
32
17.20 cm3/mol
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
83.50 (-eV)
14
9.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
583.18 pm
7
345.66 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.60
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.37 g/cm3
99+
11.85 g/cm3
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.99 g/cm3
34
11.22 g/cm3
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
17
16.90 (Pa)
5
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa
36
2.80 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
58.00 GPa
20
43.00 GPa
28
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa
36
8.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.36
8
0.45
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.31
99+
11.85
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
115.00 nΩ·m
28
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.09 106/cm Ω
23
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
Electron Affinity
107.30 kJ/mol
8
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
28
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K
20
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Thermal Conductivity
66.80 W/m·K
25
46.10 W/m·K
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
22.00 µm/(m·K)
20
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
290.40 kJ/mol
32
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.03 kJ/mol
99+
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.30 kJ/mol
35
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.20 J/mol.K
29
64.20 J/mol.K
19
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