Zinc Scandium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zn
Sc
Group Number
12
6
3
15
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440666
24
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-5 %
11
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0002 %
10
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %
12
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
16
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
10
0.00 %
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
6
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3
6
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.
6
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
419.58 °C
99+
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
907.00 °C
99+
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa
32
750.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s
18
Not Available
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.00
2
Not Available
Reflectivity
80.00 %
5
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zn
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
25
14
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.65
19
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.23
6
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.66
7
1.20
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.65
11
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.35
35
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol
6
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol
27
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol
12
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol
11
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol
9
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol
9
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol
6
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol
8
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol
10
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol
11
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol
11
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol
5
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol
6
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol
8
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol
9
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol
10
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol
11
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol
10
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.33 eV
17
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
30
99+
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
30
99+
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
35
99+
24
99+
Number of Electrons
30
99+
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm
99+
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
65.38 amu
99+
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol
99+
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)
99+
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
266.49 pm
99+
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm3
99+
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm3
37
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa
18
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa
19
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa
19
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
0.25
24
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.90
99+
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m
40
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω
12
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)
14
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K
39
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K
14
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)
11
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol
99+
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K
36
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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