Zirconium Cerium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr
Ce
Group Number
4
14
Not Available
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440677
23
7440451
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Discovery
In 1789
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %
13
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
17
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
14
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
33
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
15
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
Moderately Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.
23
2.70 p.p.m.
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C
15
795.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C
11
3,257.00 °C
23
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa
19
186.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa
15
210.00 MPa
32
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s
20
2,100.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr
Ce
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
30
9
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33
30
1.12
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90
25
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22
26
1.08
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.32
34
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67
24
2.88
11
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV
26
2.84 eV
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40
99+
58
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
40
99+
58
99+
Number of Neutrons
51
99+
82
99+
Number of Electrons
40
99+
58
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
181.80 pm
12
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
204.00 pm
8
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
235.00 pm
17
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu
99+
140.12 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol
36
20.67 cm3/mol
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)
18
41.78 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm
99+
362.00 pm
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
8
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3
99+
6.77 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3
99+
6.55 g/cm3
38
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
21
1.04 (Pa)
13
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa
20
13.50 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa
17
21.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa
22
33.60 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.24
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.51
99+
6.77
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m
11
828.00 nΩ·m
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol
27
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
26.94 J/mol·K
23
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K
99+
11.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol
9
414.00 kJ/mol
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol
11
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol
10
381.00 kJ/mol
23
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K
39
72.00 J/mol.K
12
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