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Zirconium Promethium Comparison

Zirconium
Promethium
Promethium Zirconium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr   
Pm   
Group Number
4   
14
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440677   
23
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1789   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %   
13
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
17
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
14
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
23
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
15
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C   
15
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C   
11
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Unknown   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa   
19
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s   
20
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33   
30
Not Available   
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90   
25
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22   
26
1.07   
32
Allen Electronegativity
1.32   
34
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67   
24
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV   
26
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40   
99+
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40   
99+
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
51   
99+
84   
40
Number of Electrons
40   
99+
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm   
27
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu   
99+
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)   
18
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
8
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa   
20
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa   
17
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa   
22
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51   
99+
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
Not Available   
Summary >>
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