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Zirconium vs Scandium

Zirconium
Scandium
Scandium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr  
Sc  
Group Number
4  
14
3  
15
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440677  
23
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1789  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
21
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.  
28
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C  
15
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C  
11
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Lustrous  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa  
21
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa  
22
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s  
27
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.15  
10
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Zr  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33  
31
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.33  
32
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.32  
39
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67  
24
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol  
21
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
5,730.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
6,406.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
38
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
39
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
33
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
35
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
37
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
36
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
38
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
39
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV  
34
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
40  
99+
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40  
99+
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
51  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
40  
99+
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu  
99+
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol  
99+
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)  
18
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm  
99+
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
25
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3  
99+
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3  
99+
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
12
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa  
23
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa  
18
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa  
24
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51  
99+
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m  
11
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol  
32
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K  
99+
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K  
99+
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,128.00 K  
17
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol  
11
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol  
11
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol  
12
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K  
99+
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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