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Copper Thorium Comparison

Copper
Thorium
Thorium Copper comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu   
Th   
Group Number
11   
7
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440508   
37
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-6 %   
12
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.00007 %   
12
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %   
13
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
17
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
8
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
9
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C   
40
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Copper   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa   
38
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa   
28
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s   
19
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
90.00 %   
3
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cu   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90   
11
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75   
3
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49   
14
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
9
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV   
11
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
29   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
35   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
29   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm   
99+
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm   
35
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3   
27
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)   
8
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa   
15
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa   
12
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa   
17
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89   
34
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Not Available   
Susceptibility
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K   
2
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Summary >>
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